"At the end of forty days" of deluge, Noah begins to send out birds "to see if the waters were abated from the face of the ground." He sends out a raven several times, then a dove at seven-day intervals. The dove returns the first time "empty-billed," the second with an olive leaf; when she fails to return the third time, Noah understands that she had found a resting place on dry land. Genesis 8:6-12 6 At the end of forty days, Noah opened the window of the ark that he had made 7 and sent out the raven; it went to and fro until the waters had dried up from the earth. 8 Then he sent out the dove to see whether the waters had decreased from the surface of the ground. 9 But the dove could not find a resting place for its foot, and returned to him to the ark, for there was water over all the earth. So putting out his hand, he took it into the ark with him. 10 He waited another seven days, and again sent out the dove from the ark. 11 The dove came back to him toward evening, and there in its bill was a plucked-off olive leaf! Then Noah knew that the waters had decreased on the earth. 12 He waited still another seven days and sent the dove forth; and it did not return to him any more. Flood stories were quite popular and widely distributed among the various peoples of the ancient world; many of the details described in the Genesis flood story are echoed in other ancient myths. The bird-dispatching episode, which makes its appearance repeatedly in numerous ancient flood myths, derives from the practice of mariners in ancient times to take shore-sighting birds aboard and to release them in order to determine their proximity to land In a remarkable study entitled "The Role of Birds in Early Navigation,"[1] James Hornell shows that several ancient cultures across the globe used birds for the purpose of finding out whether there was land within a navigable distance, and in what direction. He notes references in the Hindu Sutta Pitaka (fifth century BCE) in which the ancient Hindu merchants carry aboard several "shore-sighting birds" when sailing on overseas voyages; these birds were "used to locate the nearest land when the ship's position became doubtful." This practice is mentioned also in the Buddhist Kevaddha Sutta of Digha, written about the same period. Similarly, in the writings of Pliny of Imperial Rome five centuries later, Pliny mentions this custom as practiced by the seamen of Ceylon when making sea voyages, as they were unable to steer by the stars[2] (a custom still practiced by Ceylonese seamen in the sixth century CE). Anthopologist Raphael Patai notes that Hornell's study makes it likely that the traces of some such practice were preserved in the ancient Akkadian and biblical legends, in which birds are sent out by Xisuthros, Utnapishtim, Noah and others to espy dry land.   The first Mesopotamian flood story known to the western world was that of Berossus, a 3rd-century BCE priest of Marduk in Babylon, who wrote a 3-volume history of his country.[3] Xisuthros, the hero of the flood story in Berossus's account, sends out some birds from the vessel and they too return to him for after failing to find food or resting place. He waits a few days, then sends them out again. They return with their feet tinged with mud. The third time he sends them out they do not return. A similar sequence is related in the most famous, detailed and complete of Mesopotamian flood stories — the ancient Akkadian Gilgamesh Epic.[4] Utnapishtim waits seven days after grounding before releasing a dove, then a swallow, and then a raven to search for dry land. Utnapishtim relates: When the seventh day arrived, I sent forth and set free a dove. The dove went forth, but came back; Since no resting place for it was visible, she turned round. Then I sent forth and set free a swallow. The swallow went forth but came back; Since no resting place for it was visible, she turned round. Then I sent forth and set free a raven. The raven went forth, and seeing that the waters had diminished, He eats, circles, caws, and turns not round Then I let out (all) to the four winds, And offered a sacrifice.[5] [1] James Hornell. "The Role of Birds in early Navigation," Antiquity 20 (Sept. 1946), pp. 142-49.[back] [2] Pliny, Historia Naturalis 6:22. [back] [3] Berossus' three-volume history of his country (275 BCE) covers the period from the creation until conquest by Alexander. Although his original work has not survived, we do have quotations that Greek historians included in their works. [back] [4] A copy of this epic, which takes us back as early as the third millenium BCE, was found in Nineveh (the capital of the ancient Assyrian Empire in the seventh century BCE), in the library of King Asshurbanipal. [back] [5] In his article, "The Biblical-Mesopotamiam Parallels," Nahum Sarna notes that just as "God blessed Noah" after the flood (Genesis 9:1), so too does Enlil bless Utnapishtim. [back] Raphael Patai. The Children of Noah (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998), pp. 10-11. Nahum M. Sarna. Understanding Genesis (NY: Schocken, 1972), pp. 40, 47. Nahum M. Sarna. The JPS Torah Commentary: Genesis (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 1989). BIRDS Table of Contents